April 2, 2004 -- "Burn Fat While You Sleep." "Lose 10 Pounds in
April 2, 2004 -- "Burn Fat While You Sleep." "Lose 10 Pounds in 10 Days." We all know the ads are too good to be true, but Americans still spend billions each year on unregulated pills and potions promising weight loss.
While we may want to believe the hype, is there any scientific evidence to back it up? According to findings from a newly published analysis, the answer is a qualified no.
Two researchers from England's Universities of Exeter and Plymouth reviewed studies evaluating weight loss among people taking a dozen supplements commonly found in unregulated weight control preparations. They concluded that there was "little convincing evidence that any specific dietary supplement is effective in reducing body weight."
Study co-author Max H. Pittler, MD, would not go so far as to say that people are wasting their money when they buy unregulated diet drugs, but he did tell WebMD that there is "not much concrete evidence showing them to be effective."
Modestly Effective
Of the 12 dietary supplements included in the review, only two -- ephedra and chromium picolinate -- proved to be more effective than placebo.
According to Pittler, the most rigorous review showed ephedra use to be associated with modest, short-term weight loss. But the supplement is also known to speed the heart rate and constrict blood vessels, and heart palpitations were common among the participants in the ephedra studies.
Earlier this year, the FDA issued a ruling prohibiting the sale of dietary supplements containing ephedra because it presents an unreasonable risk of illness or injury.
The ruling, which requires ephedra to be removed from all unregulated products sold in the U.S., will become effective by the end of this month. It is the first time the agency has banned a dietary supplement.
The other supplement shown to be modestly effective for weight loss was the trace mineral chromium picolinate, which is touted as enhancing insulin's activity and reducing body fat. But the researchers concluded that the weight loss effect of the supplement was minimal.
The review was published in the April issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Other Supplements
Other supplements found to have little or no effect on weight loss included:
- Chitosan -- A marine-derived starch found in the skeletons of shrimp, crab, and other shellfish. The supplement is used in products promising to keep dietary fats from being absorbed by the body. But the researchers concluded that "the evidence available in the literature indicates that there is considerable doubt that chitosan is effective for reducing body weight."
- Garcinia cambogia -- One of the main ingredients in one of the best-selling supplemental weight loss aids, Hydroxycut. The researchers concluded that "the evidence for G. cambogia is not compelling."
- Pyruvate -- Formed by the body during breakdown of carbohydrates, it's touted as a booster of metabolism and an appetite suppressant, but Pittler and Ernst reported that "the case of pyruvate as an aid to body-composition changes and weight loss is weak."
Buyer Beware
The clinical evidence was scant for other supplements sold as weight-loss aids, including the evergreen tree-derived herbals Yerba mate and Yohimbe and the fiber psyllium, but the researchers concluded that "none of the reviewed dietary supplements can be recommended for over-the-counter use."
Weight loss specialist Madelyn Fernstrom, PhD, says it is not surprising that the evidence does not support the claims that dietary supplements lead to quick and easy weight loss. Fernstrom is director of the weight management center at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
"There is no magic pill," she tells WebMD. "If you are looking to try and moderate your weight loss with the help of a pharmacologic agent, get a prescription medication."
She adds that it is important for people to understand that a supplement isn't necessarily safe because it is unregulated. She cites the products now being sold as "ephedra free," which may be just as dangerous as those containing ephedra.
"There is already a supplement out there that is just as dangerous taking ephedra's place in these products, and it is called bitter orange," she says. "People have to be careful. Just because it comes from the food supply doesn't mean it's safe."
